Securing the Skies and Space: A Phased Approach to Modernising the UK’s Defence
The UK’s ability to build an Integrated Force hinges on modernising its air and space capabilities through a phased investment strategy that drives defence innovation while preserving a credible deterrence posture. In the short term, agile and cost-effective UAVs should be prioritised to enhance operational readiness in contested airspace while outdated platforms are phased out to boost industrial capability. Mid-term priorities include advancing integrated air and missile defence (IAMD) systems, strengthening command and control (C2) infrastructure, and addressing personnel gaps to maintain NATO interoperability. Major projects like the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) will ensure air superiority, sustain the UK’s operational edge, and deepen strategic alliances.
In space, accelerating initiatives such as MINERVA and ISTARI will enhance real-time intelligence-sharing, improve multi-domain integration, and strengthen joint force operations. Developing sovereign Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) capabilities under the Space Based PNT Programme (SBPP) will reduce dependence on foreign systems like GPS, safeguard critical national infrastructure, and bolster strategic autonomy. Establishing a resilient "system of systems" that blends space-based and terrestrial PNT solutions will ensure continuity of service even under contested conditions, protecting economic resilience and national security.
Modernisation efforts must also deliver tangible social value and economic returns. Investment in programmes like the New Medium Helicopter (NMH) initiative can revitalise the UK’s aerospace sector, support high-skilled jobs, and enhance supply chain resilience. Prioritising domestic industrial capability will meet urgent operational needs and strengthen the UK's defence export potential and leadership in next-generation technologies.
Ultimately, the UK can adapt to the evolving threat landscape by driving forward targeted innovation in air and space, retiring ineffective legacy systems, and reinforcing strategic alliances. A focused and disciplined modernisation pathway will ensure that the Integrated Force is ready to meet the challenges of an increasingly contested and competitive global environment, securing the UK’s influence and security well into the future.